Paleolandscape and paleoenvironmental interpretation of spring-deposited sediments in Dakhleh Oasis,Western Desert of Egypt

Iron-rich sediments in Dakhleh Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt, have been recognized as spring mounds and as archaeological sites where Paleolithic materials have been recovered. Detailed sedimentologic investigation and mapping of these features reveal that spring mound sediments were deposited in a shallow vegetated wetland formed by the discharge of iron-rich Nubian Aquifer waters along the southern margin of the oasis, controlled largely by localized faulting and the variable paleotopography of the basin floor. The spring sediments represent peri-lacustrine or lake independent features and can be differentiated from fully lacustrine deposits on the basis of their sedimentary characteristics as well as the presence of goethite and jarosite in a region where authigenic deposition during Pleistocene pluvial activity principally resulted in tufas and lacustrine marls. Spring mound formation incorporated sediment through the ponding of surface water, aeolian entrapment by local vegetation, and the formation of iron precipitates in a low-energy, oxidative and acidic environment that was not dependent upon surface water inputs into the Dakhleh basin. The potentially interpluvial nature of this water resource makes it an important sedimentary archive for archaeological investigations in the basin. The Dakhleh spring mounds record a unique groundwater controlled paleoenvironment, providing the first evidence of a bog iron in Egypt and one of the few occurrences of iron-rich wetland remnants in the modern Sahara.     

高原鼢鼠造丘活动对高寒草地土壤养分空间异质性的影响

高原鼢鼠的造丘活动影响草地土壤营养循环、土壤结构和土壤微生物活动,造成草地土壤养分空间异质性。然而,有关不同形成时间的"圆锥状"鼠丘土壤养分在垂直和斜边方向变化规律研究较少。基于此,本研究以1,3及5年以上鼠丘为研究对象,探索土壤养分在鼠丘垂直和斜边方向变化趋势。结果表明,5年以上鼠丘土壤的全氮、速效氮、速效磷和有机质随鼠丘顶点到鼠丘底部垂直高度的增加而快速降低,而1和3年鼠丘呈缓慢降低的变化。其中,1和3年鼠丘顶点到鼠丘底部0~10cm土层的全氮、全磷、速效磷和有机质含量显著低于未出现鼠丘区域0~10cm土层的全氮、全磷、速效磷和有机质含量(P0.05);1和3年鼠丘全氮、速效氮、全磷和有机质含量从鼠丘顶点沿斜边方向距离的增加而增加,而5年以上鼠丘的全氮、速效氮、全磷和有机质含量从鼠丘顶点沿斜边方向距离的增加而降低;5年以上鼠丘顶点土壤全氮、全磷、速效磷和有机质含量显著高于1和3年鼠丘顶点土壤的全氮、全磷、速效磷和有机质含量(P0.05),而1年鼠丘从鼠丘顶点沿斜边方向30cm处土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷和有机质含量显著高于3年和5年以上鼠丘从鼠丘顶点沿斜边方向30cm处土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷和有机质含量(P0.05),1,3年鼠丘边缘(不同形成时间鼠丘对照区)全氮、全磷和有机质含量高于鼠丘斜边方向各点土壤全氮、全磷和有机质含量。由此可见,鼠丘"圆锥状"几何构造造成鼠丘表面温度和雨水径流出现差异,影响土壤矿质化进程,导致鼠丘顶部和基部养分异质性,在鼠丘边缘形成养分富集地带,从而出现鼠丘边缘植被生长旺盛的现象。     

辽宁省土石质低山丘陵区土壤侵蚀研究

辽宁省土石质低山丘陵区土壤贫瘠,耕作方式不合理,加之降雨多以大雨、暴雨为主,使得土壤侵蚀严重,经济发展缓慢。通过对阜蒙县试验小区资料的研究,总结了当地土壤侵蚀的发展规律,为合理安排耕作方式提供参考。     

A method to determine lumen volume and collapse degree of pulp fibers by using bottleneck effect of mercury porosimetry

On applying mercury porosimetry to wood blocks or paper sheets, the “bottleneck” effect due to pits of fibers occurs and thus lumen volume can be determined from the weight increase due to the remaining mercury. However, in addition to the mercury in the lumen, some mercury drops may also remain in the space between fibers within a paper sheet. The mercury between fibers increased with an increase of basis weight. Thus, a large number of paper sheets of low basis weight, such as 10 g·m⁻², should be used to determine the lumen volume of pulp fibers. Furthermore, in the case of fibers from mechanical pulp with many open cut fibers, mercury can retract from the open lumen such that the bottleneck effect due to pits does not occur. Therefore, the degree to which fibers are cut should also be considered for lumen volume determination. Although quantitative estimation of open cut fibers is difficult, the percentage of open cut fibers is quite low for the long fiber fraction. Thus, the remaining mercury for the long fiber fraction can be adopted as the lumen volume at least for practical purposes. Compared with the original lumen volume of the wood, the volumetric degree of fiber collapse was also estimated. Plausible values of almost 100% for lightly beaten KP and about 85% for slabwood thermomechanical pulp were obtained for the degree of collapse. Part of this report was presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Akita, August 2006     

高原鼢鼠土丘空间格局及主要特征研究

通过对高原鼢鼠土丘的数量、植被、分布格局、形态演化等内容的分类研究表明,高原鼢鼠的土丘可依据其形成时间分为1年龄、2年龄和3年龄3种类型。3类土丘的面积和数量关系分别为1∶0.9 6∶1.0 1和1∶0.9 7∶1.10,说明近3年来鼠群数量基本保持稳定。通过对3类土丘比例关系的分析,可预测鼠群数量的消长趋势。由于当年8月前形成的土丘具有易于识别、代表性强、稳定性好等特点,因此作为高原鼢鼠相对密度的指标更为适宜。在正常情况下,鼠丘植被的恢复周期在3年左右。3年龄土丘的植被盖度、物种组成等指标与背景植被已无显著差异,但鼠丘地仍有较明显的凸起,平均高出背景地约7~8 cm,而鼠丘占地面积则较新生土丘有显著缩小。     

不同播期、烧堆措施和定期喷药在缅甸马铃薯晚疫病综合防治中的作用

调查在农民田和缅甸山州农业试验农场山区进行，根据病害测报评价定期用药、播期、烧堆措施在马铃薯晚疫病综合防治中的效果。试验1的结果表明，在未施药的不同播期小区晚疫病严重，而施达克尼尔的小区病情明显轻。在试验2中，Wallin‘s测报系统准确地预测马铃薯晚疫病的初发生期，并建议开始施药。降雨量12．7mm时施药比每周定期施药更有效。不同施药处理比不施药的对照增产30．1％－62．2％。病害造成的产量损失23．1％－38．3％。烧堆措施对防治晚疫病无效，不过可增产39．2％。     

云冷杉林风倒区坑丘微立地特征及物种多样性

2013年6-7月,在小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区谷地云冷杉林1.5 hm2的固定样地内,通过调查36株掘根倒木的树种、直径、倒向、腐烂等级、形成的坑丘复合体的微立地特征及样地内植物的种类、高度、多度、盖度,计算云冷杉林风倒区坑丘物种的丰富度和重要值.结果表明：1）掘根倒木的形成树种共有4种,出现频率大小依次为冷杉（54.1％）＞云杉（27％）＞白桦（13.5％）＞红松（5.4％）;2） 36株掘根倒木中的29株倒向偏北方向;3）掘根倒木形成的坑丘的体积分别与坑宽、丘高呈显著正相关,坑深与丘厚呈显著正相关,丘和坑的体积分别与丘的表面积呈显著正相关;4）在3个微立地上,物种丰富度、均匀度指数、物种多样性指数均为完整立地＞坑底＞丘顶;5）库页悬钩子在丘上的重要值最大,坑底有利于荨麻、水金凤的生长;6）当掘根倒木腐烂等级为Ⅱ级时,丘顶上的物种丰富度最高,为Ⅴ级时,坑底的物种丰富度最大,植物平均总盖度和平均密度的大小顺序均为完整立地＞丘顶＞坑底.     

黄河源区高寒退化草地鼠丘对土壤风蚀作用的影响

为阐明高寒草地鼠丘土壤风蚀特征和规律,以青海省河南县退化草地区域内的鼠丘为研究对象,采用野外人工模拟风力侵蚀试验方法,对不同风速条件下鼠丘大小、形状、土壤含水量及含根量对土壤风蚀作用的影响进行了研究。结果表明:高寒草地鼠丘土壤的风蚀量随着风速的增加而增加,风速从6 m/s逐步增加到12 m/s时,鼠丘土壤流失量增加1.22～1.79倍,且土壤流失量与风速和鼠丘大小呈正比。同等条件下,鼠丘形状不同时其土壤风蚀量也不同,3种类型的鼠丘土壤风蚀量的大小依次为半球型>凸凹型>平缓型,其中半球型鼠丘土壤流失量比凸凹型和平缓型鼠丘分别增加了35.5%,92.6%,且侵蚀前5 min是土壤风蚀速率最敏感的时期。土壤流失量随植被根系和土壤含水量的增加而减小,说明鼠丘内的植被根系以及土壤含水量对土壤风蚀量具有抑制作用,是鼠丘土壤风蚀的重要抗蚀因子。     

广东省崩岗形成机理与类型

崩岗是我国南方一种重要的侵蚀类型,广东省的特点是降水量多、暴雨集中、土质粗、抗冲抗蚀性弱、人为活动强烈。崩岗就是在径流冲刷、崩塌和滑坡、水蚀和重力侵蚀相互作用下形成的。崩岗分为四种类型三个发育阶段。     

坡耕地地表起伏对坡面漫流的影响

为揭示微尺度条件下地表起伏对坡面漫流的影响,通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,在相同降雨历时下,分析了60,90,120mm/h雨强下单凸起、单凹陷2种单式起伏和凹凸相连、凹凸相间2种复式起伏以及对照组5种微地形对坡面漫流的影响。结果表明:(1)3种雨强下,与光滑组相比,凸起、凹陷以及凹凸组合均会延迟地表初始产流时间,具体表现为对照组<凸起组<凹陷组<凹凸相间组<凹凸相连组的趋势;(2)凸起和凹陷的存在均会减小坡面漫流的平均流速,其中凹凸相连坡面平均流速最小;(3)3种雨强下,5种微地形的坡面漫流汇水形态共有3种(树枝状、平行状和羽毛状),其中对照组和凹凸相间组汇水形态均为树枝状;凸起组和凹陷组汇水形态均为羽毛状和树枝状,其中凸起组以羽毛状为主,凹陷组以树枝状为主;凹凸相连组汇水形态以平行状为主,兼有另外2种;(4)3种雨强下,5种微地形的汇流密度与径流频度呈现相同的变化规律,即光滑组和凸起组随着降雨强度增大其汇流密度与径流频度均先减小后增大,凹陷组及凹凸组合组均随雨强增大而增加,且5种微地形的汇流密度与径流频度在90mm/h雨强下的差异性最小。该研究结果揭示了不同起伏类型对坡耕地坡面漫流的影响,有助于进一步深入研究土壤侵蚀机理。